MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important roles in diseases pathology such as infections and cancer. The recent development of high-throughput technologies for the global measurement of miRNAs these molecules have now emerged as a new class of cancer biomarkers. Already many studies have explored associations between miRNAs and different cancer features. Often real-time polymerase chain (rt-PCR) reaction is used to measure the expression of miRNAs in various tissues.Analyzing global miRNA gene expression using complementary DNA microarrays allows for the examination of differentially expressed miRNAs. This type of assays allows finding disease specific miRNA associations which hopefully will reveal how miRNAs regulate their target genes. For example, miRNA profiling of different cancer tissue has the potential to allow determination of lineage and differentiation state of tumors. The following table contains a list of differentially regulated miRNAs in various diseases.
miRNAs | Disease Types | Up/Down-regulated | Reference |
let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7g, miR-16, miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-26a, miR-92, miR-99a, miR-103, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-195, miR-199a, miR-199a, miR-221, miR-222, miR-497 | prostate cancer | down-regulated ▼ | Porkka KP, Pfeiffer MJ, Waltering KK, Vessella RL, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T: MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007, Jul 1; 67(13):6130-5. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/13/6130.abstract
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miR-202, miR-210, miR-296, miR-320, miR-370, miR-373, miR-498, miR-503 | prostate cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Porkka KP, Pfeiffer MJ, Waltering KK, Vessella RL, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T: MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007, Jul 1; 67(13):6130-5. |
miR-16, miR-92a, miR-103, miR-107, miR-197, miR-34b, miR-328, miR-485-3p, miR-486-5p, miR-92b, miR-574-3p, miR-636, miR-640, miR-766, miR-885-5p | prostate cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Lodes MJ, Caraballo M, Suciu D, Munro S, Kumar A, Anderson B: Detection of cancer with serum miRNAs on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One 2009, Jul 14; 4 (7):e6229.Published: July 14, 2009.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006229
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miR-21, miR-155, miR-221 | Pancreatic cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Bloomston M, Frankel WL, Petrocca F, Volinia S, Alder H, Hagan JP, Liu CG, Bhatt D, Taccioli C, Croce CM: MicroRNA expression patterns to differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis JAMA 2007, 297(17):1901-1908. (doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1901). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473300
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miR-155, miR-21 | colon, lung, breast,stomach, prostate | up-regulated ▲ | Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, Magri A, Musiani P, Volinia S, Nenci I, Calin GA, Querzzoli P: MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7065–7070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103053
Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, Visone R, Iorio M, Roldo C, Ferracin M, Prueitt RL, Yanaihara N, Lanza G, Scarpa A, Vecchione A, Negrini M, Harris CC, Croce CM: A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, Feb 14; 103(7):2257-2261. Epub 2006 Feb 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461460
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miR-142-5p, miR-369-3p, miR-215 | lung cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Baffa R, Fassan M, Volinia S, O'Hara B, Liu CG, Palazzo JP, Gardiman M, Rugge M, Gomella LG, Croce CM, Rosenberg A: MicroRNA expression profiling of human metastatic cancers identifies cancer gene targets. J Pathol 2009, Jun 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593777.
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miR-373 | lung cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Baffa et al. 2009 |
miR-30d, miR-125b, miR-26a, miR-30a-5p
| thyroid anaplastic carcinomas | down- regulated ▼ | Visone R, Pallante P, Vecchione A, Cirombella R, Ferracin M, Ferraro A, Volinia S, Coluzzi S, Leone V, Borbone E, Liu CG, Petrocca F, Troncone G, Calin GA, Scarpa A, Colato C, Tallini G, Santoro M, Croce CM, Fusco A: Specific microRNAs are down regulated in human thyroid anaplastic carcinomas. Oncogene 2007, Nov 29; 26(54):7590-7595. Epub 2007 Jun 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563749.
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miR-10b, miR-125b, miR-145 | breast cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, Magri A, Musiani P, Volinia S, Nenci I, Calin GA, Querzzoli P: MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7065–7070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103053.
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miR-27a, miR-96, miR-182
| breast cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Guttilla IK, White BA: Coordinate regulation of FOXO1 by miR-27a, miR-96, and miR-182 in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 28;284(35):23204-16. |
miR-21, miR-155 | breast cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, Magri A, Musiani P, Volinia S, Nenci I, Calin GA, Querzzoli P: MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7065–7070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103053
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miR-21 | breast cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Huang GL, Zhang XH, Guo GL, Huang KT, Yang KY, Shen X, You J, Hu XQ: Clinical significance of miR-21 expression in breast cancer: SYBR-Green I-based real-time RT-PCR study of invasive ductal carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2009, Mar 21; (3):673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212625
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miR-30b, miR148a | breast cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Baffa R, Fassan M, Volinia S, O'Hara B, Liu CG, Palazzo JP, Gardiman M, Rugge M, Gomella LG, Croce CM, Rosenberg A: MicroRNA expression profiling of human metastatic cancers identifies cancer gene targets. J Pathol. 2009, 219(2):214-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593777
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miR-205 | breast cancer | down-regulated ▼ | Baffa et al. 2009. |
miR-142-5p, miR-29b, miR-30b | bladder cancer | up-regulated | Baffa et al. 2009. |
miR-145, miR-143, miR-320 | bladder cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Baffa et al. 2009. |
miR-138, miR-125b | colon cancer | up-regulated | Baffa et al. 2009. |
miR-17, miR-106a | colon cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Baffa et al. 2009. |
hsa-miR-205 | head and neck cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Tran N, McLean T, Zhang X, Zhao CJ, Thomson JM, O’Brien C, Rose B: MicroRNA expression profiles in head and neck cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 358:12–17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475218.
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miR-21, miR-221 | brain cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Ciafre, S.A., Galardi, S., Mangiola, A., Ferracin, M., Liu, C.G., Sabatino, G., Negrini, M., Maira, G., Croce, C.M., Farace, and M.G: Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 334:1351–1358. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X0501481
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miR-9-2, miR-10b, miR-21, miR-25, miR-123, miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, miR-130a, miR-221 | glioblastomas | up-regulated ▲ | Ciafre et al., 2005 |
miR-10b, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-383, miR-451, miR-486, miR-516-3p, miR-519d | glioblastomas | up-regulated ▲ | Godlewski J, Nowicki MO, Bronisz A, Williams S, Otsuki A, Nuovo G, Raychaudhury A, Newton HB, Chiocca EA, Lawler S: Targeting of the Bmi-1 oncogene/stem cell renewal factor by microRNA-128 inhibits glioma proliferation and self-renewal. Cancer Res 2008, 68:9125–9130. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2629. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010882
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miR-7, miR-29b, miR-31, miR-101, miR-107, miR-124, miR-124-2, miR-128-1, miR-129, miR-132, miR-133a , miR-133b, miR-137 | glioblastomas | down- regulated ▼ | Silber J, Lim DA, Petritsch C, Persson AI, Maunakea AK, Yu M, Vandenberg SR, Ginzinger DG, James CD, Costello JF, Bergers G, Weiss WA, Alvarez-Buylla A, Hodgson JG: miR-124 and miR-137 inhibit proliferation of glioblastoma multiform cells and induce differentiation of brain tumor stem cells. BMC Med 2008, 6:14. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-6-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443372/
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miR-138, miR-139, miR-149, miR-153, miR-154, miR-185, miR-187, miR-203, miR-218, miR-323, miR-328, miR-330 | glioblastomas | down- regulated ▼ | Gal H, Pandi G, Kanner AA, Ram Z, Lithwick-Yanai G, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Givol D: MIR-451 and Imatinib mesylate inhibit tumor growth of glioblastoma stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 376:86–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc. 2008.08.107.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18765229
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miR-15, miR-16 | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) | down- regulated ▼ | Calin GA: Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99: 15524–15529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434020
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miR-150, miR-155 | CLL | up-regulated ▲ | Bartels CL, Tsongalis GJ: MicroRNAs: novel biomarkers for human cancer. Clin Chem 2009, Apr; 55(4):623-31. Epub 2009 Feb 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246618
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miR-143, miR-145 | colorectal neoplasia | down- regulated ▼ | Michael MZ, O´Connor SM, Van Holst Pellekaan NG, Young GP, James RJ: Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res 2003, 1:882-891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14573789
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miR-18, miR-224 | hepato. Carcinoma | up- regulated ▲ | Murakami Y, Yasuda T, Saigo K, Urashima T, Toyoda H, Okanoue T, Shimotohno K: Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-timorous tissues. Oncogene 2006, 25:2537–2545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16331254
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miR-199, miR-195, miR-200, miR-125 | hepato. Carcinoma | down- regulated ▼ | Murakami et al., 2006 |
miR-221, miR-222, miR-146, miR-181 | papillary thyroid carcinoma | up-regulated ▲ | He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanarachchi S, Nagi R, Volinia S, Calin GA: The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005b, 102:19075-19080. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365291 Pallante P, Visone R, Ferracin M, Ferraro A, Berlingieri MT, Troncone G, Chiappetta G, Liu CG, Santoro M, Negrini M: Deregulation in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006, 13:497–508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728577
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miR-372, miR-373 | testicular germ cell tumors | up-regulated ▲ | Voorhoeve PM, le Sage C, Schrier M: A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell 2006, 124:1169-1181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564011
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miR-31, miR-96, miR-135b, miR-183 | colorectal cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Bartels and Tsongalis 2009. |
miR-48, miR-135b, miR-133b | colorectal cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Bartels and Tsongalis 2009. |
let-7b, let-7 g, miR-9, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-30a-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-31, miR-96, miR-124b, miR-132, miR-135a, miR-135b, miR-141, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-182, miR-183, miR-194, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-203, miR-205, miR-215, miR-219, miR-320, miR-338, miR-372 | colorectal cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Yang L, Belaguli N, Berger DH: MicroRNA and Colorectal Cancer. World J Surg 2009, 33:638–646.
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let-7a, miR-10a, miR-15b, miR-23a, miR-25, miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-30c, miR-107, miR-124a, miR0125a, miR-125b, miR-127, miR-130a, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-134, miR-137, miR-143, miR-145, miR-147, miR-154, miR-191, miR-199a, miR-199b, miR-214, miR-296, miR-299, miR-337, miR-339, miR-342, miR-368, miR-370, miR-582 | colorectal cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Yang L, Belaguli N, Berger DH: MicroRNA and Colorectal Cancer. World J Surg 2009, 33:638–646. |
miR-224, miR-18 and pre-miR-P18, miR-221 | Hepatocellular cancer | up-regulated ▲ | Murakami Y, Yasuda T, Saigo K, Urashima T, Toyoda H, Okanoue T, Shimotohno K: Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-timorous tissues. Oncogene 2006, 25:2537–2545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16331254 Fornari F, Gramantieri L, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Giovannini C, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M: MiR-221 controls CDKN1C/p57 and CDKN1B/p27 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2008, Sep 25; 27(43):5651-61 Epub 2008 Jun 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521080
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miR-199a, miR-199a*, miR-200a, miR-125a, miR-195, miR-125b | Hepatocellular cancer | down- regulated ▼ | Murakami et al., 2006. Li W, Xie L, He X, Li J, Tu K, Wei L, Wu J, Guo Y, Ma X, Zhang P, Pan Z, Hu X, Zhao Y, Xie H, Jiang G, Chen T, Wang J, Zheng S, Cheng J, Wan D, Yang S, Li Y, Gu J: Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNAs in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008, Oct 1; 123(7):1616-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649363
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Additional reference
Stefanie S Jeffrey; Cancer biomarker profiling with microRNAs. Nature Biotechnology26, 400 - 401 (2008)
doi:10.1038/nbt0408-400. http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n4/full/nbt0408-400.html